COMPONENTS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL STRUCTURES

Abstract

Introduction: The periodontium is a dynamic tissue complex, essential for the protection and support of teeth, whose histophysiological understanding has evolved significantly with advances in mechanobiology. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a narrative literature review on the anatomy and physiology of the periodontium, integrating classical concepts with recent scientific updates. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE database with publications from 2014 to February 22, 2026. Sixty-seven articles were included, in four thematic areas: (1) periodontal ligament and mechanobiology; (2) junctional epithelium; (3) gingival crevicular fluid; and (4) alveolar bone remodeling. Additionally, classic works on Periodontics and Oral Histology were consulted to provide a foundation for the anatomical and histological aspects of periodontal structures, being used as complementary theoretical support to recent scientific evidence. Results: Studies have shown that the interaction between cellular components, extracellular matrix, and vascular supply confers a high adaptive and reparative capacity to the periodontal complex. Thus, the functional balance between protective and attachment tissues has proven essential for the stability of periodontal health. Conclusion: The integration of classical literature and contemporary reviews allowed the construction of an updated approach, anchored in established biological principles, indispensable for dental practice, for more precise diagnoses and regenerative therapies with greater predictability of success.