COMPONENTS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL STRUCTURES

Abstract

Introduction: The periodontium is a dynamic tissue complex, essential for the protection and support of dental elements, whose histophysiological understanding has significantly evolved with advances in mechanobiology.

Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a narrative literature review on the anatomy and physiology of the periodontium, integrating classical concepts with recent scientific updates.

Materials and Methods: An electronic search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE database including publications from 2014 to February 22, 2026. A total of 67 articles were included, organized into four thematic axes: (1) periodontal ligament and mechanobiology; (2) junctional epithelium; (3) gingival crevicular fluid; and (4) alveolar bone remodeling. Additionally, classical textbooks of Periodontology and Oral Histology were consulted to support the anatomical and histological aspects of periodontal structures, serving as complementary theoretical support to recent scientific evidence.

Results: The studies showed that the interaction among cellular components, extracellular matrix, and vascular supply provides the periodontal complex with a high adaptive and reparative capacity. Thus, the functional balance between protective and attachment tissues proved to be essential for maintaining periodontal health stability.

Conclusion: The integration of classical literature and contemporary reviews allowed the development of an updated approach, grounded in established biological principles, which is essential for dental practice, enabling more accurate diagnoses and more predictable regenerative therapies.