Prevalence and determinants of small for gestational age fetuses: A meta-analytic perspective
Keywords:
Small For Gestational Age, Meta-Analysis, Maternal Health, Prenatal Care, EpidemiologyAbstract
Small for gestational age (SGA) remains a substantial global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where structural and clinical determinants significantly influence fetal growth. This meta-analysis estimates global and regional prevalence of SGA and synthesizes evidence on maternal, socioeconomic, nutritional, behavioral, and clinical determinants. A systematic search across six databases was conducted following PRISMA 2020 criteria. Random-effects models were used to compute pooled prevalence and odds ratios. The global prevalence of SGA was approximately 14%, varying widely across regions. Maternal smoking, inadequate nutrition, low education, poverty, rural residence, and chronic medical conditions increased the odds of SGA. Adequate prenatal care was protective. High heterogeneity was observed, and funnel plot asymmetry suggested possible publication bias. These findings reinforce the need for equity-oriented public-health strategies and early antenatal interventions.
