PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES AND STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY

Abstract

Childhood obesity has become a global public health crisis of the 21st century, characterized by a complex multifactorial etiology encompassing genetic, obesogenic environmental, and behavioral factors, associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and psychosocial alterations. This study, a narrative literature review, synthesized the most recent scientific evidence related to public health policies and strategies for the treatment of pediatric obesity. The results demonstrate that treatment success is primarily measured by the reduction in the standard deviation score of the Body Mass Index (BMI SDS), with early interventions capable of reducing the risk of premature mortality. The fundamental pillar of management lies in intensive lifestyle modification—including nutritional re-education, screen time limitation, and promotion of physical activity—with family involvement being a determining factor. Public policies, such as the PROTEJA National Strategy in Brazil and initiatives in the United Kingdom, aim to manage the problem in intersectoral spheres, addressing social determinants. Advanced multimodal therapeutic strategies include pharmacotherapy reserved for adolescents with severe obesity, specific treatment for obesity of genetic origin (mutation in the leptin-melanocortin pathway), and psychological support for binge eating and weight-related bullying. In short, management requires a chronic and long-term approach, with the implementation of early preventive actions and an integrated, family-centered care model supported by effective public policies, emphasizing exclusive breastfeeding and partnerships between health and education.