DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION

Abstract

Spinal cord compression in dogs, predominantly resulting from intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDI), is a debilitating neurological condition and the most common cause of spinal paralysis in the canine species. This narrative literature review (2021-2024) synthesizes the diagnosis and timely management of the pathology. Contemporary diagnosis requires a thorough neurological examination, with nociception status being the most critical prognostic parameter, complemented by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), reaffirmed as the gold standard for characterizing compression. Therapeutic management is individualized, encompassing three main approaches: conservative treatment (indicated for selected acute non-brachycephalic cases), surgical decompression (for severe or refractory cases), and regenerative therapies. Refined surgical techniques, such as durotomy, are being investigated as adjuvants in severe acute injuries to reduce intramedullary pressure. Additionally, the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) demonstrates promising preliminary results in immunomodulation and functional recovery in chronic or complex lesions. It is concluded that successful functional recovery requires early diagnosis assisted by advanced imaging and a multimodal approach, where conservative treatment remains a viable solution when surgery is not possible.